OWASP Top-10 2021 Software Security Flaws

A01:2021-Broken Access Control

Access control enforces policy such that users cannot act outside of their intended permissions. Failures typically lead to unauthorized information disclosure, modification, or destruction of all data or performing a business function outside the user’s limits. Common access control vulnerabilities include:

Violation of the principle of least privilege or deny by default, where access should only be granted for particular capabilities, roles, or users, but is available to anyone.
Bypassing access control checks by modifying the URL (parameter tampering or force browsing), internal application state, or the HTML page, or by using an attack tool modifying API requests.
Permitting viewing or editing someone else’s account, by providing its unique identifier (insecure direct object references)
Accessing API with missing access controls for POST, PUT and DELETE.
Elevation of privilege. Acting as a user without being logged in or acting as an admin when logged in as a user.
Metadata manipulation, such as replaying or tampering with a JSON Web Token (JWT) access control token, or a cookie or hidden field manipulated to elevate privileges or abusing JWT invalidation.
CORS misconfiguration allows API access from unauthorized/untrusted origins.
Force browsing to authenticated pages as an unauthenticated user or to privileged pages as a standard user.

A02:2021-Cryptographic Failures

A03:2021-Injection

An application is vulnerable to attack when:

User-supplied data is not validated, filtered, or sanitized by the application.
Dynamic queries or non-parameterized calls without context-aware escaping are used directly in the interpreter.
Hostile data is used within object-relational mapping (ORM) search parameters to extract additional, sensitive records.
Hostile data is directly used or concatenated. The SQL or command contains the structure and malicious data in dynamic queries, commands, or stored procedures.

Some of the more common injections are SQL, NoSQL, OS command, Object Relational Mapping (ORM), LDAP, and Expression Language (EL) or Object Graph Navigation Library (OGNL) injection.