In computer science, an invariant is a logical assertion that is always held to be true during a certain phase of execution of a computer program. For example, a loop invariant is a condition that is true at the beginning and the end of every iteration of a loop.
Invariants are especially useful when reasoning about the correctness of a computer program. The theory of optimizing compilers, the methodology of design by contract, and formal methods for determining program correctness, all rely heavily on invariants.
Programmers often use assertions in their code to make invariants explicit.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invariant_(mathematics)#Invariants_in_computer_science
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